The effect of high concentrations of iron on impounded American lobsters: A case study

Iron precipitates are reported from American lobsters Homarus americanus held in cold saline water of high iron concentration (11.0 mg/L). Upon aeration, an insoluble ferric oxide precipitate or hydroxide precipitate (or both) formed and was deposited within the carapace matrix and the gills, occluding the respiratory lamellae. Clinical signs included a darkened carapace and lethargy.